Hairstyles From The Middle Ages

A Journey Through Time: Hairstyles of the Middle Ages

The Middle Ages, a period spanning roughly from the 5th to the 15th century, witnessed significant shifts in societal structures, artistic expression, and, of course, fashion. While often depicted as a time of drabness and uniformity, a closer look reveals a surprisingly diverse and dynamic world of hairstyles, reflecting social status, religious beliefs, and evolving cultural trends. This comprehensive exploration delves into the fascinating world of medieval hairstyles, unveiling their intricacies and the stories they tell.

Introduction: Unveiling the Medieval Head

Understanding medieval hairstyles requires moving beyond simplistic generalizations. The "Middle Ages" wasn't a monolithic era; hairstyles varied considerably across different regions, social classes, and even time periods within the broader span of centuries. From the elaborate braids and intricate headdresses of the elite to the simpler styles of the peasantry, hair played a significant role in expressing identity and belonging. This article will examine the key characteristics, influences, and evolution of these hairstyles, offering a richer appreciation for the lives and customs of medieval people. We will also look at the tools and techniques used to create these looks and the social implications attached to them.

Hairstyles of the Early Middle Ages (c. 5th - 11th Centuries): Simplicity and Functionality

The early medieval period, following the collapse of the Roman Empire, saw a move towards simpler hairstyles. The elaborate coiffures of the Roman era gave way to styles characterized by practicality and functionality. This wasn't a period of complete uniformity, however. Regional variations and the influence of religious orders shaped the prevailing trends.

• Long, Loose Hair: For women, long, loose hair, often adorned with simple braids or plaits, was common, particularly among peasant women. This reflects the practical demands of daily life, where elaborate styling was neither practical nor feasible. Hair was often kept covered for modesty and protection from the elements.

• Braids and Plaits: Braiding and plaiting were essential techniques, allowing women to manage long hair while working. These braids were sometimes interwoven with ribbons or other decorative elements, especially amongst the wealthier classes. Elaborate braids could signify skill and artistry.

• Head Coverings: The use of head coverings such as wimples, veils, and coifs was widespread amongst women of all social classes, largely dictated by religious and social norms emphasizing modesty and respectability. These coverings often concealed the hair entirely, emphasizing the importance of modesty.

• Short Hair for Men: Men's hairstyles in this period were typically simpler, with hair often kept short or shoulder-length. This was both practical and functional, avoiding the entanglement of hair that could impede work in the fields or during other physical activities. A clean-shaven look or a neatly trimmed beard were popular choices, signifying a certain level of social status.

The High Middle Ages (c. 11th - 13th Centuries): Elegance and Elaboration

The High Middle Ages saw a shift towards more elaborate and sophisticated hairstyles, especially among the upper classes. This period witnessed significant advancements in craftsmanship and artistry, which translated into intricate hairstyles.

• The Rise of the Hennin: The hennin, a tall, conical hat, became a hallmark of aristocratic women's fashion in the 14th and 15th centuries. While the hennin itself wasn't a hairstyle, it significantly shaped the overall appearance of women's hair, often requiring elaborate underlying braids and structures to support the weight and maintain the conical shape.

• Elaborate Braiding and Plaiting: Women's hairstyles continued to feature intricate braiding and plaiting, often incorporating ribbons, beads, and other decorative elements. These braids were often concealed under head coverings, creating a layered and sophisticated effect.

• The French Roll: A precursor to the modern French roll, this style involved rolling and pinning hair into an elegant updo, often adorned with jewels, ribbons, and veils. This hairstyle was more common among noblewomen and required a significant level of skill and time to create.

• Longer, Flowing Styles: The long, flowing hair styles that were seen during earlier periods reappeared in the high medieval era. But this time, they were more carefully styled and adorned, showcasing a refined aesthetic.

• Men's Hairstyles: Men’s hairstyles generally continued to be simple, with short to shoulder-length hair being common. Beards remained popular, with styles ranging from neatly trimmed to full and flowing, depending on personal preference and social standing.

The Late Middle Ages (c. 14th - 15th Centuries): A Flourishing of Styles

The late medieval period is marked by a blossoming of distinct and varied hairstyles, reflecting the growing influence of evolving social and aesthetic values.

• The Hennin's Continued Reign: The hennin reached the peak of its popularity during this period, with variations in height and embellishments, signaling variations in status or personal preference.

• The French Hood: The French hood, a close-fitting cap, became a popular alternative to the hennin. It was often worn in combination with elaborate braids or under elaborate head-dresses. This style offered a more practical and versatile option for women of all social classes.

• Hairnets and Caul: Hairnets and cauls became increasingly fashionable, allowing women to manage longer hair while creating a polished and refined look. These accessories often incorporated fine fabrics, precious metals, and jewels, adding to their luxurious appeal.

• Curls and Waves: The late Middle Ages saw the introduction of curling irons and other tools which allowed for the creation of curls and waves, adding texture and volume to hairstyles. These styles, particularly amongst the elite, became more elaborate and required more time and skill to achieve.

• Men's Styles Evolve: Men's hairstyles continued to feature short to shoulder-length hair, but variations in styling, such as side-parted hair or the use of pomades for a more structured look, became increasingly common. The fashion for elaborate beards continued in different styles and lengths.

Tools and Techniques: Crafting Medieval Hairstyles

Creating the elaborate hairstyles of the Middle Ages required specialized tools and techniques, showcasing the level of skill and artistry involved. While we lack precise historical records detailing every tool, evidence suggests the following were crucial:

• Combs: Wooden and bone combs were used for detangling and styling. The finest combs were often carved with intricate designs, reflecting the importance of hairdressing as a craft.

• Hairpins and Pins: Various types of pins, made from bone, wood, or metal, were essential for securing braids, buns, and other updos. Elaborately decorated pins were status symbols, reflecting the wearer's wealth and social standing.

• Ribbons and Headbands: These decorative elements were commonly used to adorn and accentuate hairstyles, adding color, texture, and visual interest.

• Curling Irons: While not as sophisticated as modern tools, early forms of curling irons were used, potentially using heated metal rods to create curls and waves, primarily for women of higher social standing.

• Pomades and Oils: Natural oils and pomades were used to condition and style hair, providing shine and manageability. The ingredients varied, but often included plant-based oils and other natural products.

Social Significance: Hair as a Symbol

Hair in the Middle Ages was far more than just a decorative element; it carried significant social and symbolic weight.

• Social Status: The complexity and ornamentation of a hairstyle often reflected the wearer's social status. Elaborate hairstyles, requiring significant time and resources, were generally associated with the wealthy elite, while simpler styles characterized the peasantry.

• Religious Beliefs: Religious norms strongly influenced hair styles. The veils, wimples, and other head coverings commonly worn by women, particularly within religious orders, emphasized modesty and piety.

• Marital Status: Changes in hairstyles could also signify changes in marital status. For instance, a woman's transition from maiden to wife might be marked by a change in her hairstyle or the adoption of certain head coverings.

• Regional Variations: Different regions had their own unique styles and traditions, leading to considerable regional variations in hairdressing practices.

• Hair Color and Dyeing: Hair coloring was not uncommon in the Middle Ages, especially amongst the wealthy classes who could afford the expensive materials. Natural dyes derived from plants and minerals were used to achieve variations in color.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Q: Were wigs common in the Middle Ages?

A: While there is some evidence suggesting the use of hairpieces, true wigs as we know them today were not common in the Middle Ages. Hair extensions or additions might have been used, particularly by those who desired longer hair or who experienced hair loss.

Q: What were the hygiene practices related to hair care?

A: Hygiene practices varied depending on social class. The wealthy had more access to resources for cleaning and styling their hair, while the peasantry relied on more basic methods. Frequent washing was not as common as it is today; however, the use of natural oils and other products to maintain the health of the hair was practiced.

Q: Did men and women share similar hair styling techniques?

A: Not significantly. Men's hairstyles were generally far simpler than women's, with a focus on practicality and neatness. Women's styles, however, were much more elaborate and time-consuming.

Conclusion: A Tapestry of Styles

The hairstyles of the Middle Ages represent a rich tapestry of styles, reflecting the social, religious, and cultural dynamics of the time. From the simple braids of peasant women to the elaborate coiffures of noble ladies, hair played a vital role in expressing identity, status, and belonging. Understanding these styles provides a deeper appreciation for the lives and customs of medieval people, reminding us that even in periods often perceived as uniform, individual expression found its way to the fore, meticulously crafted in each strand of hair. By examining these styles, we gain not only an aesthetic appreciation but also a glimpse into the rich social and cultural history of the Middle Ages.